There are three main brake timing options (in Germany, Poland, Austria etc, but could be different otherwise): T or G (Towarowy/Güter, freight), P (in the past, passenger, now mostly fast freight), and R (rapid, fast passenger, but now basically any passenger). This determines how fast the brakes are released after pressurizing the main line on the locomotive and affected cars. The point is to delay the release on the front of the consist to make the release moment closer to the end of the consist, to make the brake release more uniform.
No, not sure if the Polish valves are any different, but in German context, the Fast Release (Fill) position is venting the main res to the brake line but doesn't intentionally overcharge over 5 bars, the relief valve is still active and will prevent excessive pressure. The point is to get the line to 5 bars ASAP.
Brake overcharge/assimilation gets the pipe pressure above 5 bars (in Germany the typical limit is around 5.5), and the point is to not just release the brakes on the whole consist, but also fully charge auxiliary reservoirs on all the cars (that feed the brake cylinders on cars, they charge only when the brakes are fully released).